Clear
Your agent needs to work with real-time streaming data, but its request-response design assumes static inputs.
How would you design the system to handle streaming and continuously updating data?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Process incrementally: Handle data as it arrives, so you don't wait for a complete batch.

  2. Maintain running state: Update context as new data streams in, so the agent reasons over current information.

  3. Trigger on events: React to significant updates, so the agent responds to changes as they happen.

  4. Window the data: Reason over relevant time windows, so unbounded streams stay tractable.

  5. Fetch latest at decision time: Pull current values when acting, so decisions use fresh data.

Your agent works well but every improvement is a one-off; there's no systematic way the system gets better over time.
How would you design a continuous improvement loop for the agent?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Capture production signals: Collect failures, feedback, and outcomes continuously, so you always have improvement inputs.

  2. Mine failures for patterns: Analyze what's breaking, so effort targets real problems.

  3. Feed evals: Add production failures to the test set, so fixes are validated and regressions prevented.

  4. Prioritize by impact: Rank improvements by value, so you work on what matters most.

  5. Close the loop: Deploy, measure, and repeat, so improvement compounds systematically.

Your agent occasionally makes an irreversible mistake, and you have no way to undo it or even reconstruct what led to it.
How would you design the system for recoverability from mistakes?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Prefer reversible actions: Design operations to be undoable where possible, so mistakes can be corrected.

  2. Confirm before irreversible steps: Gate permanent actions behind approval, so errors are caught first.

  3. Snapshot before changes: Capture state before consequential actions, so you can restore.

  4. Log the full path: Record what led to every action, so mistakes can be reconstructed.

  5. Provide undo mechanisms: Build explicit rollback for user-facing actions, so recovery is possible.

Your agent needs to make decisions quickly, but it always uses your slowest, most capable model even for trivial choices.
How would you design the system to match model capability to decision complexity?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Classify complexity: Assess how hard each decision is, so you assign the right model.

  2. Route trivial cases to fast models: Handle simple decisions cheaply, so you don't waste the big model.

  3. Reserve capable models for hard cases: Use them only where reasoning is genuinely needed, so cost and latency drop.

  4. Escalate on uncertainty: Upgrade to a stronger model when the cheap one is unsure, so quality holds where it matters.

  5. Monitor routing accuracy: Track misrouted decisions, so the classifier improves.

Your agent's quality depends on good examples in the prompt, but the fixed examples you chose don't fit every kind of request.
How would you design the system to select relevant examples dynamically?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Retrieve examples by similarity: Pull examples matching the current request, so guidance fits the specific task.

  2. Maintain an example bank: Curate a diverse set to draw from, so relevant ones exist for varied requests.

  3. Match example difficulty: Choose examples near the query's complexity, so they're actually instructive.

  4. Update the bank: Add strong new examples over time, so coverage improves.

  5. Measure example impact: Track which examples help, so the bank stays effective.

Your agent needs to handle requests in a domain where being wrong has legal consequences, but it currently answers everything with equal confidence.
How would you design the system for high-stakes, liability-sensitive domains?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Require strong grounding: Answer only from authoritative sources, so claims are defensible.

  2. Gate high-stakes output: Route consequential answers to human review, so liability isn't left to the model.

  3. Add mandatory disclaimers: Enforce required legal language, so responses meet compliance requirements.

  4. Express uncertainty honestly: Flag when confidence is low, so users don't over-rely on shaky answers.

  5. Audit everything: Log full context for every high-stakes response, so decisions are traceable and defensible.

  6. Fail safe: Decline rather than guess on liability-sensitive questions, so the agent errs toward caution.

Your agent works, but when it fails, the error messages users see are raw stack traces that mean nothing to them.
How would you design error handling for a good user experience?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Translate errors: Convert technical failures into clear user-facing messages, so users understand what happened.

  2. Suggest next steps: Tell users what they can do, so an error isn't a dead end.

  3. Degrade gracefully: Offer partial help when possible, so failure still provides value.

  4. Hide internal detail: Never expose stack traces or internals, so errors stay clean and safe.

  5. Log the real error: Capture full technical detail internally, so engineers can debug what users can't see.

Your agent's latency is fine on average, but the first request after any idle period is painfully slow due to cold starts.
How would you design the system to eliminate cold-start latency?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Keep instances warm: Maintain a minimum of ready capacity, so requests don't hit cold starts.

  2. Pre-warm on signals: Spin up ahead of predicted demand, so capacity is ready before traffic arrives.

  3. Preload models and caches: Initialize heavy resources at startup, so the first request isn't paying init cost.

  4. Use provisioned capacity: Reserve always-on resources for latency-critical paths, so cold starts never affect them.

  5. Ping to stay alive: Send periodic keep-alive requests, so idle instances don't cool down.

Your agent needs to answer questions about data spread across many small documents, but no single document contains the full answer.
How would you design the system to synthesize answers across multiple documents?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Retrieve broadly: Pull all relevant chunks across documents, so the pieces of the answer are present.

  2. Instruct synthesis: Direct the model to combine sources into one answer, so it integrates rather than picking one.

  3. Resolve conflicts: Handle contradictions between documents, so the synthesis is coherent.

  4. Cite each contribution: Attribute facts to their source documents, so the multi-source answer stays verifiable.

  5. Verify coverage: Check the answer draws on all relevant pieces, so partial synthesis is caught.

Your agent's behavior is defined by prompts, but you have no idea which parts of those long prompts actually matter versus which are dead weight.
How would you design the process to identify what actually drives agent behavior?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Ablate systematically: Remove prompt sections and measure impact, so you learn what each part contributes.

  2. Test incrementally: Change one element at a time, so effects are attributable.

  3. Measure against evals: Track quality as you vary the prompt, so contribution is quantified.

  4. Prune dead weight: Remove sections with no measurable effect, so the prompt stays lean and cheaper.

  5. Document what matters: Record why each retained part exists, so future edits keep the essential and cut the rest.

Your agent occasionally needs capabilities it doesn't have, and right now it just fails silently instead of recognizing the gap.
How would you design the system to recognize and handle capability gaps?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Define capabilities explicitly: Know what the agent can and can't do, so gaps are recognizable.

  2. Detect out-of-scope requests: Identify when a request exceeds capabilities, so the gap is caught, not ignored.

  3. Communicate limits honestly: Tell the user what can't be done, so failure isn't silent.

  4. Route to alternatives: Hand off to a capable system or human, so the gap still gets addressed.

  5. Log capability gaps: Track unmet requests, so recurring gaps inform what to build next.

Your agent's costs are fine, but you realize you have no way to forecast next month's spend as usage grows.
How would you design the system to forecast and plan LLM costs?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Track cost per unit: Measure spend per request, user, and feature, so you have the building blocks to project.

  2. Model growth: Project usage trends against unit costs, so you can forecast total spend.

  3. Attribute drivers: Identify what drives cost, so forecasts reflect the real levers.

  4. Simulate scenarios: Model cost under different growth and pricing assumptions, so you plan for ranges.

  5. Set budgets and alerts: Define spend targets with early warnings, so forecasts translate into control.

Your agent needs to give consistent answers, but two different users asking the exact same question sometimes get contradictory responses.
How would you design the system for cross-user answer consistency?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Ground in shared sources: Anchor answers to the same authoritative data, so identical questions get identical grounding.

  2. Reduce randomness: Lower temperature for factual queries, so the same input yields stable output.

  3. Cache canonical answers: Reuse a vetted response for common questions, so everyone gets the same correct answer.

  4. Separate personalization from facts: Keep factual content consistent while personalizing delivery, so core answers don't diverge.

  5. Monitor consistency: Track answer variance across users, so contradictions surface.

Your agent works in isolation, but when integrated with other services, subtle timing and ordering bugs appear that never showed up in testing.
How would you design the system to handle integration-level timing and concurrency issues?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Test integration explicitly: Run end-to-end tests across services, so integration bugs surface before production.

  2. Handle async ordering: Don't assume calls complete in sequence, so out-of-order responses are managed.

  3. Add idempotency: Make operations safe to repeat, so retries and races don't cause harm.

  4. Set timeouts and fallbacks: Bound cross-service waits, so slow dependencies don't cascade.

  5. Trace across services: Use correlation IDs spanning the whole flow, so timing bugs are diagnosable.

Your agent's retrieval pulls the right documents, but they're so long that relevant passages get lost and the model attends to the wrong parts.
How would you design the system to surface the right passages within long retrieved documents?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Chunk at the passage level: Retrieve focused segments, not whole documents, so relevant passages stand alone.

  2. Rerank within documents: Score passages for relevance, so the best parts rise to the top.

  3. Extract key spans: Pull the most relevant sentences, so the model gets signal, not bulk.

  4. Position carefully: Place top passages where the model attends best, so they aren't lost mid-context.

  5. Trim irrelevant content: Drop low-value sections, so the model isn't diluted.

Your agent needs to run experiments to improve, but you're worried a bad experimental variant could harm real users during the test.
How would you design safe experimentation on live traffic?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Limit exposure: Start experiments on a tiny traffic slice, so harm is contained if a variant is bad.

  2. Set guardrail metrics: Auto-halt experiments that breach safety or quality floors, so bad variants stop fast.

  3. Monitor in real time: Watch experiment metrics live, so problems are caught within the test, not after.

  4. Keep a safe control: Always run against a known-good baseline, so users are never all on an untested path.

  5. Roll back instantly: Kill a harmful variant immediately, so damage is minimized.

Your agent's answers are correct but generic, and users with specific expertise find them too shallow to be useful.
How would you design the system to match response depth to user expertise?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Infer expertise: Gauge skill from phrasing and history, so depth matches the user.

  2. Adapt technical depth: Adjust detail and terminology accordingly, so experts get substance and novices get clarity.

  3. Offer progressive detail: Let users drill deeper on demand, so depth is available without overwhelming.

  4. Avoid over-explaining: Skip basics for expert users, so answers respect their knowledge.

  5. Let users set preferences: Allow depth to be specified, so the system matches stated needs.

Your agent works, but your team can't safely refactor it because there's no way to know if a change preserved existing behavior.
How would you design the system to enable safe refactoring?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Build a behavior baseline: Capture current outputs on a fixed input set, so you have a reference to preserve.

  2. Run regression tests: Compare post-refactor behavior against the baseline, so unintended changes surface.

  3. Refactor behind stable interfaces: Keep contracts fixed while changing internals, so external behavior is protected.

  4. Change incrementally: Refactor in small verified steps, so problems are easy to isolate.

  5. Keep rollback ready: Retain the ability to revert, so a bad refactor is recoverable.

Your agent handles a task chain where step three sometimes needs information that only becomes available at step five, forcing awkward restarts.
How would you design the system to handle non-linear dependencies between steps?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Model dependencies explicitly: Map what each step needs, so ordering respects real dependencies.

  2. Plan before executing: Determine the required sequence upfront, so you avoid discovering dependencies mid-run.

  3. Allow deferred steps: Let steps wait for prerequisites, so out-of-order needs don't force restarts.

  4. Support replanning: Revise the plan when new needs emerge, so the agent adapts rather than restarting.

  5. Checkpoint progress: Save completed work, so a reordering doesn't discard what's done.

Your agent needs to decide between answering from its own knowledge and looking something up, but it either always searches (slow, costly) or never does (stale, wrong).
How would you design the system to decide when to retrieve versus answer directly?
General Medium

Answer:

  1. Classify the query type: Detect whether a question needs fresh, specific, or external facts, so retrieval fires only when it adds value.

  2. Answer stable knowledge directly: Skip retrieval for timeless or general questions, so you avoid needless latency and cost.

  3. Retrieve for volatile or specific facts: Look up current, niche, or proprietary information, so answers stay accurate where knowledge goes stale.

  4. Use confidence as a trigger: Retrieve when the model is uncertain, so lookups happen exactly when the model would otherwise guess.

  5. Consider the cost of being wrong: Retrieve more readily for high-stakes questions, so accuracy is prioritized where errors matter.

  6. Monitor the decision quality: Track needless and missed retrievals, so the routing calibrates toward the right balance over time.